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Cell Respiration . . .

... check your knowledge in (fairly) easy stages.

Try the following in order:

  1. Basics about = cell respiration=20
  2. Going = deeper=20 with glycolysis
  3. The = Krebs=20 Cycle=20
  4. The = Electron=20 Transfer Chain

Marks are shown in brackets. The marking point in the answers are = separated=20 by ; . The / denotes an acceptable alternative wording. If unsure about = anything=20 and you can't work it out from your textbook email me!

Respiration 1 - the basics.

  1. What is cell or tissue respiration? (2 )=20
  2. What other way is the term 'respiration' commonly understood? (1)=20
  3. What is the connection between your answers to 1 and 2? (2)=20
  4. Cell respiration results in energy being stored in a short term = chemical=20 substance called? (1)=20
  5. What is the substance you have named in 4 synthesised from or = converted=20 to? (1)=20
  6. Give an overall word equation for aerobic cell respiration. = (1)=20
  7. Name the FOUR key stages of cell respiration. (4)=20
  8. What are the useful end products of the first stage? (2)=20
  9. How much of these products is produced? (2)=20
  10. What name is given to respiration when oxygen is absent? (1)=20
  11. What end products are possible from this type of respiration a)in = animals=20 and b) yeast? (2)=20
  12. What name is given to respiration when oxygen is present?=20 (1)

Now check the answers and add up your score:

 

Answers to Respiration 1:

  1. The breakdown/oxidation of glucose to release energy;=20


    It may occur in the presence or absence of oxygen;

  2. Breathing- commonly called (whole) body respiration;=20
  3. Body respiration supplies the oxygen;=20

    and removes the carbon dioxide; used in cell respiration

  4. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP will usually be OK!);=20
  5. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP);=20
  6. GLUCOSE + OXYGEN =E0 ENERGY + WATER = + CARBON=20 DIOXIDE (if you said ATP instead of energy, that is fine!);=20
  7. Glycolysis; Link Reaction; Krebs/TCA/Citric acid Cycle; Electron = Transfer=20 Chain/Oxidative phosphorylation;=20
  8. Pyruvate/Pyruvic Acid; (both are usually acceptable) ATP;=20
  9. 2 pyruvates; 4 ATP's but 2 ATP's simply repay that used to start = the whole=20 thing rolling, making a NET product of 2 ATP's;=20
  10. Anaerobic respiration;=20
  11. Animals- Lactic Acid/Lactate; Yeast- Alcohol/Ethanol; (NOT = ethanal)=20 which is an intermediate substance).=20
  12. Aerobic Respiration;

TOP OF=20 PAGE

Back to A = Level Index=20 Page=20

Respiration 2 - Going deeper with = glycolysis

  1. Remind me- what is produced (and how much) at the end of = glycolysis? (3)=20
  2. How many carbons are there in the original glucose molecule? (1)=20
  3. How is the substance triose phosphate produced during = glycolysis?(1)=20
  4. What is another name (and abbreviation) for triose phosphate? (2)=20
  5. Triose phosphate is then 'oxidised' to form another 3-carbon = substance=20 before we get to pyruvate.(for A level we only need to note one-though = there=20 are several!) Name the substance and give its abbreviation. (2)=20
  6. What gaseous substance is produced by the oxidation of GALP? (1)=20
  7. Name the substance that 'mops up' your answer to 6. Which vitamin = is vital=20 for this substance to be present?(2)=20
  8. Name the process whereby the glucose molecule's activation energy = is=20 overcome. (1)=20
  9. What does your answer to 9 actually mean in chemical terms? (2)=20
  10. When during glycolysis, is ATP formed? (2)=20
  11. Where in the cell does glycolysis happen? (1)=20
  12. How much ATP do you think there is in the human body- 1g, 5g, 50g, = 500g,=20 1kg? What are the implications of this? (2)

Now check your answers

20- excellent. Carry on to the next quiz-'Going deeper with=20 Hans'

19- recheck your weak areas before carrying on to the next = quiz.=20

Below 15 - keep going over the questions, writing your answers down, = until=20 you get 20!

 

 

Answers to 'Going deeper with glycolysis'

  1. 2 molecules of ATP (NET); and 2 molecules of pyruvate; from one = molecule=20 of glucose;=20
  2. Six - it is shown as 6C;=20
  3. By splitting the original 6C glucose into two 3 carbon molecules = of triose=20 phosphate;=20
  4. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; or GALP; (note the '3-phosphate' part = of GALP=20 is where the name 'triose phosphate' comes from. In other words it has = 3 (tri)=20 phosphates.)=20
  5. Glycerate-3-phosphate; GP;=20
  6. Hydrogen;=20
  7. NAD+ (becomes NADH); NAD (nicotinamide adenine = dinucleotide) is=20 derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; check if you need to = know=20 about this vitamin in your human biology units-remember synoptic = questions!=20
  8. Phosphorylation;=20
  9. A phosphate molecule is added to the glucose molecule; it is = derived from=20 ATP; (which now becomes ADP due to the loss of one phosphate)=20
  10. During the conversion of GALP to GP; and during the conversion of = GP to=20 pyruvate;=20
  11. Cytosol; (you may get away with 'cytoplasm'-though this really = refers to=20 everything, including organelles, that is between the nucleus and cell = surface=20 membrane).=20
  12. Around 50g;. You may not be directly asked this, but it follows = that as we=20 use about 140kg of ATP daily there must be an incredible rate of = turnover,=20 breakdown and regeneration! ATP really is a 'short-term energy store'. = It's an=20 important principle to remember.

TOP OF=20 PAGE

Back to A = Level Index=20 Page=20

 

 

Respiration 3 - Going deeper with Hans.
  1. During aerobic respiration, where does the pyruvate go after = glycolysis?=20 (1)=20
  2. What substance does it combine with? (1)=20
  3. When the pyruvate combines with the substance named in answer 2; = what two=20 substances are produced? (2)=20
  4. "acetyl CoA combines with .............. .............. to form=20 .............. .............. "(2)=20
  5. Which two substances 'mop up' the hydrogen produced during the = Krebs=20 Cycle? (1)
  6. Precisely where in the cell does the Krebs Cycle take = place?(1)=20
  7. The hydrogen atoms are the ................ power for the ETC (1)=20
  8. Where is most of the ATP produced (precisely) during respiration?=20 (1)

Now check your answers

10- excellent. Carry on to the next quiz-"Electron = Transfer"

6-9 recheck your weak areas before carrying on to the next quiz.

5 or less - keep going over the questions, writing your answers down, = until=20 you get 10!

 

Answers to Respiration 3.
  1. It enters the mitochondria;=20
  2. Acetyl co-enzyme A ( or acetyl CoA);=20
  3. Carbon dioxide; and hydrogen;=20
  4. "acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid "=20
  5. NAD and FAD;=20
  6. Matrix of the mitochondria;=20
  7. Reducing;=20
  8. On the stalked particles;

TOP OF=20 PAGE

Back to A = Level Index=20 Page

 

Respiration 4 - Electron Transfer Chain

Fill in the blanks.

The ........................ attached to NAD and = ........................ is=20 transferred to a number of ........................ containing=20 ........................ carriers called ......................... In = the=20 process the atoms of ........................ are split into protons and = ......................... The former are not passed along the carriers = but=20 eventually recombine with ........................ to form=20 .........................

The negatively charged ........................ however ARE passed = from=20 carrier to carrier, alternately ........................ and=20 ........................ them.

As this happens, energy is released at each stage and is used to = power=20 ........................ pumping. This process works as follows.

The energy released at each stage of the transfer chain is used to = pump=20 ........................ across the ........................=20 ........................ into the ........................=20 ......................... This creates a pH gradient as well as a=20 ........................ difference. The result is that = ........................=20 diffuse back into the mitochondrion (probably via the = ........................=20 particles).

As this diffusion occurs, the enzyme ........................=20 ........................ is activated resulting in the formation of the=20 substance ........................

Now check your answers

You need to score 22!

 

 

Answers

The HYDROGEN attached to NAD and FAD is transferred to a number of = IRON=20 containing PROTEIN carriers called CYTOCHROMES. In the process the atoms = of=20 HYDROGEN are split into protons and ELECTRONS. The former are not passed = along=20 the carriers but eventually recombine with OXYGEN to form WATER.

The negatively charged ELECTRONS however are passed from = carrier to=20 carrier, alternately OXIDISING and REDUCING them.

As this happens, energy is released at each stage and is used to = power PROTON=20 pumping. This process works as follows.

The energy released at each stage of the transfer chain is used to = pump=20 PROTONS across the INNER MEMBRANE into the INTERMEMBRANE SPACE. This = creates a=20 pH gradient as well as a POTENTIAL difference. The result is that = PROTONS=20 diffuse back into the mitochondrion (via the STALKED particles).

As this diffusion occurs, the enzyme ATP SYNTHETASE is activated = resulting in=20 the formation of the substance ATP.

TOP OF=20 PAGE

Back to A = Level Index=20 Page

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